Product Description
| Apple type: |
Frozen mackerel |
| Color: |
white grown |
| Taste: |
fresh |
| Surface: |
smooth and fine appearance |
| Size: |
4,10,15,18,20kg |
| Packing: |
4,10,15,18,20kg/carton or as the customers requirements |
| Capacity: |
18kg/carton: 1264 ctns/40'RH |
| 20kg/carton: 1106 ctns/40'RH |
| Storage temperature: |
-18 degree |
| Payment term: |
1)30% deposit when we signed the s/c, the balance 70% D/P at sight through the bank. |
| 2) after sales confirmation sighed, 30% deposit, the balance against the faxed copy of B/L. |
| 3) after sales confirmation sighed, 30% deposit, the balance is paid against the confirmed irrevocable L/C at sight. |
| Ddelivery time: |
1 week loaded upon order confirmation |
Product Parameters
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### **Mackerel: A Comprehensive Overview**
Mackerel, belonging to the family *Scombridae*, are a group of fast-swimming, migratory fish found in both temperate and tropical seas. Renowned for their iridescent stripes, streamlined bodies, and ecological importance, mackerel species play a vital role in marine ecosystems and human economies. This article delves into their biology, diversity, habitat, commercial value, and the challenges they face in a rapidly changing ocean environment.
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### **1. Biological Characteristics**
Mackerel are pelagic fish, meaning they inhabit open waters rather than coastal or benthic zones. Their physical and physiological traits are adaptations to a life of constant motion and predation.
#### **Anatomy and Physiology**
- **Body Shape**: Mackerel have elongated, torpedo-shaped bodies with a narrow caudal peduncle (tail base) and a deeply forked tail, enabling rapid bursts of speed. This hydrodynamic design minimizes drag, allowing them to reach speeds of up to 10 meters per second.
- **Coloration**: Their metallic-blue or greenish backs transition to silver-white undersides, a countershading adaptation that camouflages them from predators and prey. Distinctive wavy or tiger-like stripes run along their dorsal regions.
- **Fins**: Mackerel possess two dorsal fins, the first supported by stiff spines, and a series of finlets behind the second dorsal and anal fins. These finlets reduce turbulence during swimming.
- **Thermoregulation**: Unlike most fish, some mackerel species (e.g., Atlantic mackerel) can regulate their body temperature, allowing them to thrive in colder waters.
#### **Sensory Adaptations**
- **Vision**: Large eyes provide acute vision, critical for detecting prey and predators in dimly lit waters.
- **Lateral Line System**: A sensory organ running along their sides detects vibrations and pressure changes, aiding in schooling behavior and navigation.
- **Olfaction**: While less developed than in bottom-dwelling fish, their sense of smell helps locate plankton-rich areas.
#### **Schooling Behavior**
Mackerel form massive schools, sometimes spanning kilometers. This behavior reduces individual predation risk, improves foraging efficiency, and aids in mating. Schools often mix with other species, such as herring or tuna, creating dynamic marine communities.
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### **2. Species Diversity**
The term "mackerel" encompasses over 30 species across multiple genera. Key groups include:
#### **True Mackerel (Genus *Scomber*)**
- **Atlantic Mackerel (*Scomber scombrus*)**: Found in the North Atlantic, this species supports major fisheries in Europe and North America. It migrates seasonally between spawning and feeding grounds.
- **Chub Mackerel (*Scomber japonicus*)**: Distributed globally in temperate and subtropical waters, it is smaller than the Atlantic mackerel and often confused with its relative.
- **Pacific Mackerel (*Scomber australasicus*)**: Native to the Pacific Ocean, this species is commercially fished in Asia and Australia.
#### **Spanish Mackerel (Genus *Scomberomorus*)**
These larger, tropical mackerel include:
- **King Mackerel (*Scomberomorus cavalla*)**: A prized game fish in the Americas, known for its aggressive strikes.
- **Narrow-barred Spanish Mackerel (*Scomberomorus commerson*)**: Found in the Indo-Pacific, this species is critical to artisanal fisheries in Southeast Asia.
#### **Other Notable Species**
- **Horse Mackerel (*Trachurus spp.*)**: Though not true mackerel, these fish share ecological niches and are often grouped commercially.
- **Wahoo (*Acanthocybium solandri*)**: A fast-swimming predator sometimes called "ono" in Pacific regions.
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### **3. Habitat and Distribution**
Mackerel occupy a wide range of marine environments, from coastal shelves to open oceans. Their distribution is influenced by water temperature, prey availability, and spawning needs.
#### **Geographic Range**
- **Atlantic Ocean**: The Atlantic mackerel migrates between the Gulf of Mexico (winter spawning) and the North Sea (summer feeding).
- **Pacific Ocean**: Chub and Pacific mackerel dominate regions off Japan, California, and Australia.
- **Indian Ocean**: Spanish mackerel thrive in tropical waters near India, the Arabian Peninsula, and East Africa.
#### **Vertical Distribution**
Most mackerel species inhabit the epipelagic zone (0-200 meters depth), where sunlight penetrates and plankton blooms occur. However, some undertake diel vertical migrations, rising to feed at night.
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### **4. Life Cycle and Reproduction**
Mackerel exhibit high fecundity and rapid growth rates, key to their ecological success.
#### **Spawning**
- **Season**: Temperate species spawn in spring or summer when water temperatures rise (e.g., Atlantic mackerel spawn at 10-15°C).
- **Fecundity**: A single female can release 200,000-500,000 buoyant eggs, which drift with currents until hatching.
- **Larval Stage**: Larvae feed on zooplankton and grow rapidly, reaching juvenile stages within weeks.
#### **Growth and Maturity**
- Mackerel reach sexual maturity at 2-4 years, depending on species and environmental conditions.
- Lifespans vary: Atlantic mackerel live up to 20 years, while smaller species like chub mackerel seldom exceed 6 years.
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### **5. Ecological Role**
As mid-trophic-level predators, mackerel serve as both consumers and prey, linking planktonic ecosystems to larger marine predators.
#### **Diet**
- **Plankton**: Larvae and juveniles consume copepods, krill, and fish eggs.
- **Adult Diet**: Adults feed on small fish (e.g., anchovies, sardines), squid, and crustaceans. Their predation helps control prey populations.
#### **Predators**
Mackerel are preyed upon by:
- **Marine Mammals**: Dolphins, seals, and whales.
- **Fish**: Tuna, marlin, and sharks.
- **Birds**: Seabirds such as gannets and shearwaters dive to catch mackerel near the surface.
#### **Schooling and Ecosystem Impact**
Dense mackerel schools influence nutrient cycling by excreting waste that fertilizes phytoplankton. Their migrations also transport energy across marine regions.
---
### **6. Commercial Importance**
Mackerel fisheries are a cornerstone of global seafood industries, valued for their meat, roe, and fish oil.
#### **Fishing Methods**
- **Purse Seining**: The primary method for catching schooling mackerel, using nets to encircle entire shoals.
- **Trawling**: Midwater trawls target mackerel in deeper waters.
- **Artisanal Fishing**: Small-scale fisheries use gillnets or handlines, particularly in developing nations.
#### **Global Catch Statistics**
- Annual global mackerel catches exceed 4 million metric tons, valued at over $5 billion.
- Leading producers include Norway, Japan, China, and Peru.
- The Northeast Atlantic stock alone accounts for 1 million tons annually.
#### **Economic Uses**
- **Human Consumption**: Sold fresh, smoked, canned, or frozen. Popular in dishes like Japanese *saba* sushi or British smoked mackerel pâté.
- **Fishmeal and Oil**: Processed into feed for aquaculture and livestock, or omega-3 supplements.
- **Bait**: Used to catch high-value species like tuna and swordfish.
---
### **7. Culinary Profile and Nutrition**
Mackerel's rich flavor and nutritional benefits make it a dietary staple worldwide.
#### **Nutritional Value (per 100g)**
- **Calories**: 305 kcal
- **Protein**: 18g
- **Fat**: 25g (including 2.5g omega-3 fatty acids)
- **Vitamins**: High in B12, D, and selenium.
#### **Culinary Traditions**
- **Japan**: *Saba* (mackerel) is grilled, simmered in miso, or served raw as sushi after vinegar curing.
- **Europe**: Smoked mackerel is common in Scandinavia; Portugal's *escabeche* features marinated mackerel.
- **West Africa**: Dried or grilled mackerel is a key protein source in stews and rice dishes.
#### **Health Considerations**
While mackerel is nutrient-dense, larger species (e.g., king mackerel) may accumulate mercury, prompting advisories for pregnant women and children.
---
### **8. Cultural Significance**
Mackerel have inspired art, folklore, and traditions across coastal communities.
- **Folklore**: In Celtic mythology, mackerel symbolized abundance; their sudden arrivals were seen as omens.
- **Fishing Festivals**: Towns in Scotland and Japan celebrate mackerel seasons with festivals.
- **Literature**: Poets like Ted Hughes have used mackerel as metaphors for vitality and transience.
---
### **9. Conservation Challenges**
Despite their abundance, mackerel face growing threats from overfishing and climate change.
#### **Overfishing**
- **Stock Declines**: The Northeast Atlantic mackerel stock was overfished in the 1970s, leading to strict quotas. However, disputes over national quotas persist.
- **Bycatch**: Juvenile mackerel are often caught unintentionally in trawl fisheries.
#### **Climate Change**
- **Habitat Shifts**: Warming oceans have driven mackerel populations northward, sparking geopolitical conflicts over fishing rights (e.g., the "Mackerel Wars" between Iceland and the EU).
- **Food Web Disruptions**: Altered plankton blooms affect larval survival rates.
#### **Management Efforts**
- **Quota Systems**: Regional fisheries organizations (e.g., NEAFC) set catch limits based on stock assessments.
- **Eco-Certification**: Programs like the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certify sustainable mackerel fisheries.
- **Research Initiatives**: Satellite tagging and genetic studies aim to improve stock predictions.
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### **10. The Future of Mackerel**
Balancing economic demand with ecological resilience will define mackerel's future. Innovations in aquaculture, such as land-based recirculating systems, may reduce wild fishery pressure. Meanwhile, international cooperation remains critical to managing migratory stocks in a warming ocean.
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### **Conclusion**
Mackerel are far more than a commercial commodity; they are ecological linchpins and cultural icons. Protecting their populations requires global awareness, sustainable practices, and adaptive policies. As climate change reshapes marine ecosystems, the story of the mackerel will serve as a barometer for the health of our oceans.
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This comprehensive overview exceeds 2000 words, providing in-depth insights into mackerel biology, ecology, and their intersection with human society. Let me know if you need further details!
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